Spatial and temporal analyses of culls due to bovine tuberculosis in slaughterhouses of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, 2008 to 2012 / Análise espacial e temporal das condenações por tuberculose bovina em frigoríficos do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2008 a 2012

The application of spatial and temporal analysis in epidemiology aims to understand the causes and consequences of spatial and temporal heterogeneity in studies of infectious diseases. Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic and progressive infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis and is an important zoonosis worldwide. The aim of this study was to conduct spatial and temporal analyses of a secondary database of bTB-positive cases registered by the Federal Inspection Service in two slaughterhouses from the West of Minas mesoregion of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, from 2008 to 2012 and to suggest its use in epidemiological surveillance. The culled cattle with bTB macroscopic lesions during post mortem inspection were considered positive in this study. The data used were the positive cases registered on the "Sistema de Informações Gerenciais do Serviço de Inspeção Federal" (SIG/SIF - Management Information System of the Federal Inspection Service) of the "Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento" (MAPA - Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supplies), the number of animals slaughtered monthly and their municipalities of origin, per slaughterhouse. The prevalence (%) of cases per cattle slaughtered was calculated, and the relationship between these cases of bTB and cases of human tuberculosis (hTB) and the GDP per capita of the mesoregions comprising the municipalities surveyed was evaluated. The prevalence was 1,030 cases of bTB (0.28%). The lowest case numbers and prevalence rates were obtained in 2010, while the highest rates were observed in 2011. Slaughterhouse 1 showed stationarity, while Slaughterhouse 2 showed an increasing annual trend for data since October 2009. A statistical correlation between the numbers of cases of bovine and human TB (p=0.006, r=0.148) was observed. The prevalence for Slaughterhouses 1 and 2 were not correlated (p>0.05). The municipalities of origin demonstrated randomness in their spatial distribution. SIG/SIF-MAPA may be used for the analysis of spatial and temporal distribution to contribute to the monitoring of animal health services with information on the prevalence of culling for bTB in the West of Minas, South/Southwest of Minas, Campo das Vertentes and Zona da Mata mesoregions of Minas Gerais, Brazil.(AU)

A aplicação de análises espacial e temporal em epidemiologia visa compreender as causas e consequências da heterogeneidade espacial e temporal nos estudos de doenças infecciosas. A tuberculose bovina (TBb) é uma doença infecciosa crônica e progressiva causada pelo Mycobacterium bovis e uma importante zoonose em todo o mundo. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar análises espaciais e temporais em um banco de dados secundário de casos positivos de TBb registrados pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal em dois frigoríficos da mesorregião Oeste de Minas, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, de 2008 a 2012 e sugerir sua utilização na vigilância epidemiológica. Os bovinos abatidos com lesões macroscópicas de TBb durante a inspeção post mortem foram considerados positivos neste estudo. Os dados utilizados foram os casos positivos cadastrados no Sistema de Informações Gerenciais do Serviço de Inspeção Federal do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (SIGSIF/MAPA), o número de animais abatidos mensalmente e seus municípios de origem, por frigorífico. Foi calculada a prevalência (%) de casos por bovinos abatidos e avaliada a relação entre esses casos de TBb e os casos de tuberculose humana (TBh) e o PIB per capita das mesorregiões que compõem os municípios pesquisados. A prevalência foi de 1.030 casos de TBb (0,28%). Os menores números de casos e prevalências foram obtidos em 2010, enquanto as maiores prevalências foram observadas em 2011. O Frigorífico 1 apresentou estacionariedade, enquanto o Frigorífico 2 apresentou tendência anual crescente para os dados desde outubro de 2009. Correlação estatística entre o número de casos de TBb e TBh (p=0,006, r=0,148) foi observada. As prevalências nos Frigoríficos 1 e 2 não se correlacionaram (p>0,05). Os municípios de origem demonstraram aleatoriedade em sua distribuição espacial. O SIGSIF/MAPA pode ser utilizado para a análise da distribuição espacial e temporal a fim de contribuir com o monitoramento dos serviços de saúde animal com informações sobre a prevalência de condenações por TBb nas mesorregiões Oeste de Minas, Sul/Sudoeste de Minas, Campo das Vertentes e Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, Brasil.(AU)

Spatial and temporal analyses of culls due to bovine tuberculosis in slaughterhouses of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, 2008 to 2012

ABSTRACT: The application of spatial and temporal analysis in epidemiology aims to understand the causes and consequences of spatial and temporal heterogeneity in studies of infectious diseases. Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic and progressive infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis and is an important zoonosis worldwide. The aim of this study was to conduct spatial and temporal analyses of a secondary database of bTB-positive cases registered by the Federal Inspection Service in two slaughterhouses from the West of Minas mesoregion of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, from 2008 to 2012 and to suggest its use in epidemiological surveillance. The culled cattle with bTB macroscopic lesions during post mortem inspection were considered positive in this study. The data used were the positive cases registered on the Sistema de Informações Gerenciais do Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIG/SIF - Management Information System of the Federal Inspection Service) of the Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA - Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supplies), the number of animals slaughtered monthly and their municipalities of origin, per slaughterhouse. The prevalence (%) of cases per cattle slaughtered was calculated, and the relationship between these cases of bTB and cases of human tuberculosis (hTB) and the GDP per capita of the mesoregions comprising the municipalities surveyed was evaluated. The prevalence was 1,030 cases of bTB (0.28%). The lowest case numbers and prevalence rates were obtained in 2010, while the highest rates were observed in 2011. Slaughterhouse 1 showed stationarity, while Slaughterhouse 2 showed an increasing annual trend for data since October 2009. A statistical correlation between the numbers of cases of bovine and human TB (p=0.006, r=0.148) was observed. The prevalence for Slaughterhouses 1 and 2 were not correlated (p>0.05). The municipalities of origin demonstrated randomness in their spatial distribution. SIG/SIF-MAPA may be used for the analysis of spatial and temporal distribution to contribute to the monitoring of animal health services with information on the prevalence of culling for bTB in the West of Minas, South/Southwest of Minas, Campo das Vertentes and Zona da Mata mesoregions of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

RESUMO: A aplicação de análises espacial e temporal em epidemiologia visa compreender as causas e consequências da heterogeneidade espacial e temporal nos estudos de doenças infecciosas. A tuberculose bovina (TBb) é uma doença infecciosa crônica e progressiva causada pelo Mycobacterium bovis e uma importante zoonose em todo o mundo. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar análises espaciais e temporais em um banco de dados secundário de casos positivos de TBb registrados pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal em dois frigoríficos da mesorregião Oeste de Minas, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, de 2008 a 2012 e sugerir sua utilização na vigilância epidemiológica. Os bovinos abatidos com lesões macroscópicas de TBb durante a inspeção post mortem foram considerados positivos neste estudo. Os dados utilizados foram os casos positivos cadastrados no Sistema de Informações Gerenciais do Serviço de Inspeção Federal do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (SIGSIF/MAPA), o número de animais abatidos mensalmente e seus municípios de origem, por frigorífico. Foi calculada a prevalência (%) de casos por bovinos abatidos e avaliada a relação entre esses casos de TBb e os casos de tuberculose humana (TBh) e o PIB per capita das mesorregiões que compõem os municípios pesquisados. A prevalência foi de 1.030 casos de TBb (0,28%). Os menores números de casos e prevalências foram obtidos em 2010, enquanto as maiores prevalências foram observadas em 2011. O Frigorífico 1 apresentou estacionariedade, enquanto o Frigorífico 2 apresentou tendência anual crescente para os dados desde outubro de 2009. Correlação estatística entre o número de casos de TBb e TBh (p=0,006, r=0,148) foi observada. As prevalências nos Frigoríficos 1 e 2 não se correlacionaram (p>0,05). Os municípios de origem demonstraram aleatoriedade em sua distribuição espacial. O SIGSIF/MAPA pode ser utilizado para a análise da distribuição espacial e temporal a fim de contribuir com o monitoramento dos serviços de saúde animal com informações sobre a prevalência de condenações por TBb nas mesorregiões Oeste de Minas, Sul/Sudoeste de Minas, Campo das Vertentes e Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, Brasil.

Frecuencia, caracterización y análisis genotípico de Escherichia coli productor de toxina Shiga en frigoríficos de carne bovina de Argentina / Frequency, characterization and genotypic analysis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef slaughterhouses of Argentina

The objectives of this study were: (1) to estimate STEC frequency in hide and carcass samples taken from beef slaughterhouses supplying the domestic market in Argentina, (2) to establish the pheno-genotypic characteristics of STEC and non-toxigenic Escherichia coli of serogroups O26, O45, O103, O121, O111, O145 or O157 isolated from the analyzed samples and, (3) to study their clonal relatedness. Sixty hides and 60 carcasses were analyzed. At the screening step, 48% of hide and 80% of carcass samples tested positive for the stx gene by endpoint PCR. The STEC isolation rate was 5% for hides and 8% for carcasses. The isolation rate of STEC-positive for O26, O45, O103, O111, O145 or O157 serogroups was 0% for hides and 2% for carcasses. With the purpose of studying the clonal relatedness of isolates, macrorestriction fragment analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was performed. The results indicated cross-contamination between hides and between carcasses of animals in the same lot and, that the origin of carcass contamination was their own hide, or the hides of other animals in the same lot. The high detection rate at the screening step, especially in carcasses, and the evidence of cross-contamination show the need to apply additional in-plant intervention strategies aimed at preventing carcass contamination.

Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron tres: 1) estimar la frecuencia de Escherichia coli productor de toxina Shiga (STEC) en muestras de cuero y carcasa de bovinos en frigoríficos de consumo interno de Argentina; 2) realizar la caracterización feno-genotípica de las cepas STEC y de Escherichia coli no toxigénicas pertenecientes a los serogrupos O26, O45, 0103, O121, O145 u O157 aisladas a partir de las muestras analizadas; 3) establecer la relación clonal de ese conjunto de cepas. Se analizaron 60 cueros y 60 carcasas. En la etapa de tamizaje, el gen stx se detectó en el 48% de las muestras de cuero y en el 80% de las muestras de carcasa por una PCR de punto final. La frecuencia de recuperación de cepas STEC fue del 5% en cueros y del 8% en carcasas, y la de cepas STEC positivas para los serogrupos O26, O45, O103, O121, O111, O145 u O157 fue del 0% en los cueros y del 2% en las carcasas. La relación clonal de las cepas aisladas se investigó a través de electroforesis de campo pulsado y análisis de los patrones de macrorrestricción generados. Los resultados demostraron la existencia de contaminación cruzada entre cueros y carcasas de animales pertenecientes a un mismo lote, y también que el origen de la contaminación fue el propio cuero del animal o el cuero de otros animales pertenecientes al mismo lote. Los altos porcentajes de detección en la etapa de tamizaje, especialmente en carcasas, y la evidencia de contaminación cruzada ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de evaluar la implementación de estrategias de intervención tendientes a evitar la contaminación de carcasas.

Survey of Salmonella spp. in beef meat for export at slaughterhouses in Brazil / Pesquisa de Salmonella spp. em carcaças bovinas durante o processamento em abatedouros-frigoríficos exportadores

The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. in samples collected from beef meat at three points of the slaughter line (after skinning, washing and cooling) at three slaughterhouses in Brazil that export meat. Detection was based on ISO 6579:2002 and confirmed by PCR and qPCR. The isolates were typified using slide agglutination tests and PFGE. The antibiotic sensitivity profile was determined using the disk diffusion method. Contamination was detected in only one slaughterhouse. The overall frequency of contamination by Salmonella spp. was 6.7% of carcasses (6/90) and 2.6% of carcass surface samples (7/270). All isolates were confirmed by PCR and qPCR. The serological analysis and the PFGE showed a single profile: Typhimurium. The strains demonstrated 100% susceptibility to ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and tetracycline. Positive carcasses after cooling pose a direct risk to consumers, since the meat is considered ready to be marketed after this process.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a presença de Salmonella spp. em amostras coletadas de carcaças de bovinos, em três pontos da linha de abate (após a esfola, lavagem e refrigeração) de três frigoríficos exportadores no Brasil. A detecção foi realizada pela ISO 6579:2002, e confirmada por PCR e qPCR. Os isolados foram tipificados por testes de soroaglutinação e PFGE e avaliado o perfil de sensibilidade aos antibióticos pelo método de difusão em disco. A contaminação foi detectada em apenas um abatedouro-frigorífico. As contaminações das carcaças (n=90) e amostras de carne (n=270) por Salmonella spp. foram 6 (6,7%) e 7 (2,6%), respectivamente. Todos os isolados foram confirmados por PCR e qPCR. A análise sorológica e o PFGE mostraram um único perfil: Typhimurium. As cepas apresentaram 100% de suscetibilidade à ampicilina, cefotaxima, ciprofloxacina, cloranfenicol, gentamicina e tetraciclina. As carcaças positivas após a refrigeração apresentam um risco direto para o consumidor, uma vez que, após este processo, a carne está pronta para ser comercializada.(AU)

Surveillance of contamination level and antimicrobial resistance analysis of Salmonella on broiler carcasses after chilling in 4 poultry slaughterhouses of Henan Province / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#Tests were carried out for obtaining contamination level and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella on broiler carcasses after chilling in four poultry slaughterhouses in Henan.@*Methods@#Totally, two hundred sixty nine broiler carcasses after chilling were collected in four slaughterhouses with the daily slaughter amount around 15 000 to 50 000. For qualitative analysis of Salmonella EFSA method was used and for quantitative analysis of Salmonella modified Rappaport-Vassiliadis most probable number (MSRV-MPN) method was used. All of the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 8 antibiotics by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).@*Results@#Overall, 48.7% (131/269) of the broiler carcasses after chilling were contaminated by Salmonella, and the average of contamination level is 1.32 most probable number MPN/g. Eight serotypes were detected. The dominant serotype is Salmonella enteritidis (93, 71.0%) followed by Salmonella Indiana (21, 16.0%). Only 2 (1.5%) Salmonella enteritidis strains were sensitive to all the tested antibiotics and the remaining 129 isolates were resistant to at least one kind of eight class antibiotics. Among them, resistant to NAL was the common (104, 79.4%) and 51 (38.9%) Salmonella isolates were multidrug-resistant.@*Conclusion@#The contamination rate and multiple antimicrobial resistant of Salmonella on broiler carcasses after chilling from slaughterhouses was very serious, while the isolates contained various serotypes.

Prevalência de transtorno mental e comportamental em trabalhadores de indústrias de abate de suínos e aves no sul do Brasil / Mental and Behavioral Disorders in Workers at Pig and Poultry Slaughterhouses in the South of Brazil / Prevalencia de Trastorno Mental y de Conducta en Trabajadores de Mataderos de Porcinos y Aves en el Sur de Brasil

Resumo No Brasil, no Paraná, a produção de alimentos de origem animal é uma das atividades econômicas que mais contrata força de trabalho, mas, também, é uma das que mais contribui para a ocorrência de adoecimentos, porém ainda se tem pouco conhecimento sobre os transtornos mentais. Trata-se de uma pesquisa epidemiológica de caráter descritivo acerca de transtornos mentais e comportamentais em trabalhadores de indústrias de abate de suínos, aves e outros pequenos animais do estado do Paraná. Foram utilizados dados secundários da Previdência Social brasileira, de 2008 a 2014. Os resultados apontaram que a maioria dos trabalhadores incapacitados têm entre 28 e 38 anos, são mulheres e apresentam prevalência de depressão. Houve prevalência do benefício auxílio-doença previdenciário em detrimento do auxílio-doença por acidente de trabalho, que possui nexo com o trabalho. Além disso, redução anual dos benefícios acidentários concedidos. Conclui-se que há dificuldade dos trabalhadores em obter o reconhecimento da doença como decorrente do trabalho, especialmente quando caracterizadas como transtornos mentais.

Abstract In Paraná, Brazil, the production of food of animal origin is one of the economic activities that most employs the workforce, but it also most contributes to the emergence of illnesses; however, there is little knowledge concerning mental disorders. This study is a descriptive epidemiological investigation on mental and behavioral disorders in workers at pig and poultry slaughterhouses in the department of Paraná. Secondary Brazilian Social Security data from 2008 to 2014 was used. The results indicate that the majority of disabled workers are between 28 and 38 years, are women and show signs of depression. There was a prevalence of social security benefits for illness in comparison with benefits for work-related accidents. In addition, there was an annual reduction of accident benefits granted. The study concludes that it is difficult for workers to receive recognition of work-related illnesses, especially for mental disorders.

Resumen En Paraná, Brasil, la producción de alimentos de origen animal es una de las actividades económicas que más ocupa fuerza de trabajo, pero también es la que más contribuye a la aparición de enfermedades; sin embargo, aun se tiene poco conocimiento acerca de los trastornos mentales. Se trata de una investigación epidemiológica de carácter descriptivo sobre trastornos mentales y de conducta en trabajadores de mataderos de porcinos, aves y otros pequeños animales del departamento de Paraná. Se utilizaron datos secundarios de la Seguridad Social brasileña, de 2008 a 2014. Los resultados señalan que la mayoría de los trabajadores discapacitados tienen entre 28 y 38 años, son mujeres y presentan prevalencia de depresión. Hubo prevalencia del beneficio de seguridad social en salud por enfermedad en comparación con beneficio por enfermedad por accidente de trabajo, que posee nexo con el trabajo. Además, la reducción anual de los beneficios accidentarios concedidos. Se concluye que hay dificultad de los trabajadores en lograr el reconocimiento de la enfermedad como consecuencia del trabajo, en especial cuando se caracteriza como trastorno mental.

Respiratory Disorders Among Workers in Slaughterhouses

BACKGROUND: Workers in slaughterhouses are exposed to a wide range of biological contaminants, such as bacteria and fungi, due to their working environment. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of respiratory disorders among workers in slaughterhouses. METHODS: This study was conducted on 81 workers in slaughterhouses and 81 healthy office workers as a reference group. The American Thoracic Society standard respiratory symptoms questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence of respiratory disorders. Besides, lung function tests were conducted using a calibrated spirometer at the beginning (preshift) and at the end (postshift) of the 1st working day. Single-stage Anderson sampler was used to measure the concentration of bioaerosols in different parts of slaughterhouses. RESULTS: The prevalence of respiratory disorders, such as cough, productive cough, breathlessness, phlegm, and wheezing, was 3.17, 4.02, 3.07, 4.66, and 3.94 times, respectively, higher among workers in slaughterhouses compared with the reference group. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of respiratory disorders was significantly higher among workers in slaughterhouses. Thus, the significant reduction in the percentage predicted lung function among workers in slaughterhouses might be associated with exposure to bioaerosols in their work environment.

Seroreactivity to Q Fever Among Slaughterhouse Workers in South Korea / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: Q fever is a zoonotic disease that occurs worldwide; however, little is known about its prevalence in South Korea. We attempted to determine the prevalence of Q fever seroreactivity among Korean slaughterhouse workers and the risk factors for seroreactivity according to the type of work. METHODS: The study was conducted among 1503 workers at a total of 73 slaughterhouses and 62 residual-product disposal plants. During the study period, sites were visited and surveys were administered to employees involved in slaughterhouse work, and serological tests were performed on blood samples by indirect immunofluorescence assays. Serological samples were grouped by job classification into those of slaughter workers, residual-product handlers, inspectors and inspection assistants, and grading testers and testing assistants. Employee risk factors were analyzed according to the type of work. RESULTS: Out of 1481 study subjects who provided a blood sample, 151 (10.2%) showed reactive antibodies. When these results were analyzed in accordance with the type of work, the result of slaughter workers (11.3%) was similar to the result of residual-product handlers (11.4%), and the result of inspectors and assistants (5.3%) was similar to the result of grading testers and assistants (5.4%). Among those who answered in the affirmative to the survey question, “Has there been frequent contact between cattle blood and your mouth while working?” the proportions were 13.4 and 4.6%, respectively, and this was identified as a risk factor that significantly varied between job categories among slaughterhouse workers. CONCLUSIONS: This study found a Q fever seroreactivity rate of 10.2% for slaughterhouse workers, who are known to be a high-risk population. Contact with cattle blood around the mouth while working was the differential risk factor between job categories among slaughterhouse workers.

Antibodies to Neospora caninum in sheep from slaughterhouses in the state of São Paulo, Brazil / Anticorpos para Neospora caninum em ovinos de abatedouros do estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Neosporosis is an emergent disease responsible for considerable economic impact due to reproductive losses. Its zoonotic potential remains unknown. This study involved a survey of antibodies to Neospora caninum in slaughtered sheep and their association with epidemiological variables. Serum samples from 596 sheep from the states of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were collected in two slaughterhouses located in São Paulo and evaluated by indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT), using cut-off titers of 25. Among these samples, 353/596 (59.23%; 95%CI 55.23-63.10) were positive and 263/353 (74.50%; 95%CI 69.71-78.77%) were from Rio Grande do Sul. Statistical associations were determined in the univariate analysis between the serological results and sex, breed and municipality of origin. Sheep that came from extensive breeding system showed higher chance (OR=2.09) of presenting antibodies to N. caninum in relation to those from semi-intensive system. Higher chance was also observed for the different studied breeds, except Bergamácia, in relation to Hampshire Down. The results revealed the presence of infection by N. caninum in sheep from slaughterhouses.

A neosporose é uma doença emergente responsável por considerável impacto econômico devido a perdas reprodutivas e seu potencial zoonótico permanece desconhecido. Este estudo envolveu a pesquisa de anticorpos para Neospora caninum em ovinos abatidos e sua associação com variáveis epidemiológicas. Amostras de soro sanguíneo de 596 ovinos, procedentes dos estados de São Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, foram colhidas em dois abatedouros localizados em São Paulo, e avaliadas pelo teste de reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), utilizando-se como ponto de corte o título de 25. Dentre essas amostras, 353/596 (59,23%; IC95% 55,23-63,10) foram positivas e dentre os ovinos positivos 263/353 (74,50%; IC95% 69,71-78,77%) eram procedentes do Rio Grande do Sul. Associações estatísticas foram determinadas na análise univariada entre os resultados sorológicos e o sexo, raça e município de origem. Ovinos oriundos de sistema de criação extensivo demonstraram maior chance (OR=2.09) de apresentarem anticorpos para N. caninum em relação aos de sistema semi-intensivo. Uma maior chance também foi observada para as diferentes raças estudadas, exceto Bergamácia, em relação à raça Hampshire Down. Os resultados revelaram a presença de infecção por N. caninum em ovinos de abatedouros.

Número mais provável miniaturizado e microbiologia convencional para isolamento de Salmonella spp. em abatedouros de frangos de corte / Miniaturized most probable number and conventional microbiology for isolation of Salmonella spp. in poultry slaughterhouses

Os produtos de origem avícola podem ser importantes veículos de transmissão de Salmonella spp. para humanos e, dentre os vários parâmetros que determinam a qualidade de um alimento, destacam-se os que definem suas características microbiológicas. Objetivou-se detectar e quantificar Salmonella spp. na tecnologia de abate de frangos de corte por microbiologia convencional (MC) e número mais provável miniaturizado (mNMP). As coletas foram realizadas em duas visitas a três abatedouros sob Inspeção Federal e em seis pontos de coleta em triplicata, definidos como: recepção das aves (swabs de cloaca e esponjas de gaiolas de transporte antes e após a higienização) e carcaças (após pré resfriamento em chiller, após o gotejamento e antes da embalagem primária e congeladas a -12oC por 24 horas), totalizando 108 amostras...

Poultry products can be important modes of transmission of Salmonella spp. to humans and, among several parameters used to determine food quality, microbiological characteristics play an essential role. The aim of this study was to determine and quantify Salmonella spp. at broiler slaughtering facilities. This was done by conventional microbiology and by the miniaturized most probable number (mMPN) methods. Three federally-inspected slaughterhouses were visited, where samples were collected in triplicate from six sites: reception of live birds (cloacal swabs and sponge samples from transport cages before and after sanitation) and carcass processing (after pre-chiller, after dripping, and before primary packaging and refrigeration at -12oC for 24h), totaling 108 samples...

Análisis histológico de lesiones pódales de pollos comerciales en la Planta de Sacrificio de Pollo Olympico S. A / Histological analyses of toe lesions for commercial broiler at the slaughterhouse of Pollo Olympico S. A

Realizar el análisis histológico de lesiones pódales de pollos comerciales en la planta de sacrificio de Pollo Olympico S.A., Colombia con el fin de discutir aspectos sobre su retención sanitaria en plantas de sacrificio. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizó la población avícola de 10 granjas de la empresa Pollo Olympico S.A evaluando macroscópicamente 129.551 animales y microscópicamente 330 lesiones podales. El análisis histológico evaluó el tipo y la profundidad de las lesiones inflamatorias y la presencia de estructuras micóticas. Resultados: La evaluación macroscópica evidenció lesiones podales en el 64,7% de la población total de aves. La evaluación microscópica mostró un predominio de procesos inflamatorios con presentación de heterófilos (73,1%), el 19% fueron infiltrados mixtos y el 7.9% de predominio mononuclear. Las lesiones encontradas mostraron una localización principalmente subcorneal (77.9%) y la ausencia de estructuras micóticas, células gigantes o lesiones vasculares...

To conduct histological analyses of toe lesions for commercial broiler at the slaughterhouse of Pollo Olympico S.A., Colombia, with the ultimate goal of proposing recommendations about sanitary containment. Materials and Methods: Poultry subjects were sampled in 10 farms of Pollo Olympico S.A. Macroscopic inspections were conducted on 129.551 animals while the microscopic ones were on 330 toe lesions. Histological analyses evaluated type and depth of inflammatory lesions as well as the presence of fungal infections Results: Macroscopic analyses revealed inflammatory process mediated by heterophiles (73,1%), mixed infiltrates (19%) and mononuclear (7.9%). Lesions were mainly localized at the sub-corneal level (77.9%) and showed no signs of fungal structures, giant cells or vascular presence...

Perfil de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos e eficácia de sanitizantes frente aos isolados de Salmonella spp: oriundos de carcaças suínas no Rio Grande do Sul / Antimicrobial sensitivity and efficacy of sanitizers against the Salmonella spp: isolated from swine slaughterhouse in southern Brazil

Os objetivos do trabalho foram avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos e a eficácia de três sanitizantes frente a isolados de Salmonella spp. oriundos de carcaças na tecnologia de abate de suínos. Avaliaram-se 120 amostras, das quais 39 foram positivas para Salmonella spp. Os princípios ativos testados foram penicilina G 10 U, amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico 30mcg, ampicilina 10mcg, cloranfenicol 30mcg, tetraciclina 30mcg, estreptomicina 10mcg, neomicina 30mcg, gentamicina 10mcg, enrofloxacina 5mcg, sulfazotrim 25mcg, sulfonamida 300mcg e trimetropima 5mcg. Nos testes com sanitizantes utilizaram-se clorexidina, amônia quaternária e ácido peracético com tempos de contato de um, cinco, 10 e 15 minutos. Os índices de resistência aos antimicrobianos foram de 100 por cento para penicilina, 94,9 por cento para tetraciclina, 89,7 por cento para trimetropima e 87,2 por cento para ampicilina. Nenhum dos princípios ativos foi 100 por cento eficaz frente aos isolados testados, observando-se melhor ação para amoxicilina+ácido clavulânico (86,7 por cento), neomicina (86,7 por cento) e cloranfenicol (64,1 por cento). Nos testes de eficácia dos sanitizantes, o ácido peracético a 0.5 por cento foi efetivo a partir de 10 minutos (94,6 por cento) e 15 minutos (97,3 por cento) de contato; amônia quaternária a 1 por cento por 10 minutos (89,2 por cento) e 15 minutos (97,3 por cento) e clorexidina a 0.5 por cento por 10 minutos (70,3 por cento) e 15 minutos de contato (72,8 por cento). Todas as amostras testadas apresentaram multirresistência e seis [...] O sanitizante mais efetivo frente aos isolados testados foi o ácido peracético a 0.5 por cento por 15 minutos, reforçando a necessidade de monitorar também a efetividade de produtos sanitizantes frente aos isolados de Salmonella spp.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial sensitivity and efficacy of three sanitizers against Salmonella spp. isolated from carcasses in swine slaughterhouse. Thirty nine of 120 samples were positive for Salmonella spp. The antimicrobials tested included: penicillin G 10 U, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 30mcg, ampicillin 10mcg, chloramphenicol 30mcg, tetracycline 30mcg, streptomycin 10mcg, gentamicin 10mcg, neomycin 30mcg, enrofloxacin 5mcg, sulfazotrim 25mcg, sulfonamide 300mcg and trimetropim 5mcg. In the tests with sanitizers were used chlorhexidine, quaternary ammonia and peracetic acid, which were put in contact intervals of 1, 5, 10 and 15 minutes. Antimicrobial resistance was observed using penicillin (100 percent), tetracycline (94.9 percent), trimetropim (89.7 percent), and ampicillin (87.2 percent). None of the antimicrobials was 100 percent effective against the samples tested. Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (86.7 percent), neomycin (86.7 percent) and chloramphenicol (64.1 percent) showed better antimicrobial action. In tests of efficacy of sanitizers, 0.5 percent peracetic acid was effective at 10 minutes (94.6 percent) and 15 minutes (97.3 percent) of contact; 1 percent quaternary ammonia at 10 minutes (89.2 percent) and 15 minutes (97.3 percent) and 0.5 percent chlorhexidine at 10 minutes (70.3 percent) and 15 minutes (72.8 percent). All samples tested were multidrug resistance and six (15.3 percent) showed resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide and tetracycline (ACSSuT group) indicating the need to monitor the spread of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated from swine. The most effective sanitizing against the bacteria tested was 0.5 percent peracetic acid per 15 minutes, reinforcing the need to monitor the effectiveness of products sanitizers against Salmonella spp.

Biossegurança no trabalho em frigoríficos: da margem do lucro à margem da segurança / Biosafety of working in cold storage units: from the profit margin to the safety margin

A indústria frigorífica e o complexo de carnes fazem do Brasil um dos principais produtores e exportadores mundiais de produtos de origem animal. A ampliação do mercado leva à competitividade do ponto de vista capitalista e, nesta perspectiva, o lucro empresarial, muitas vezes impõe-se à necessidade de adaptar a ação humana às novas funções, procurando minimizar custos e maximizar produção. As atividades de rotina são longas, repetitivas, com acúmulo de tarefas, onde há operação de máquinas e utilização constante de instrumentos perfurocortantes, por isso, são realizadas com o uso de equipamentos de proteção. Dentre os agentes de risco de maior importância está o biológico, com a exposição por contato direto com sangue, vísceras, fezes, urina, secreções, restos placentários, líquidos e fetos, que podem estar infectados com patógenos de caráter zoonótico. Este artigo discute riscos a que estão sujeitos os profissionais de matadouros-frigoríficos, através de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, considerando o arcabouço conceitual da Biossegurança que contribui para a segurança e saúde dos trabalhadores.

The cold storage unit and meat production industry has made Brazil one of the leading suppliers and exporters of products of animal origin. The rapid expansion of the market has led to a rise in competitiveness from a capitalist standpoint, and in this respect corporate profit often leads to the need to adapt human actions to new functions in order to reduce costs and maximize production. These routine activities involve repetitive work, multi-tasking, long hours and operating machines with the use of sharp cutting tools, which is why the work is conducted wearing protective gear. Among the main hazards present, biological risks are the most important due to direct exposure to internal organs, blood, fecal matter, urine and placental or fetal fluids from slaughtered animals that may be infected with pathogens of zoonotic origin. This paper discusses the risks to which slaughterhouse-cold storage unit professionals are exposed, conducting a thorough bibliographical review of the literature that takes into consideration the conceptual framework of Biosafety, which contributes to improve the safety and health conditions of these workers.

Matadouros públicos e saúde ambiental em Sergipe / Public slaughterhouses and environmental health in Sergipe

A incorporação da temática ambiental na saúde pública fez florescer mais recentemente a expressão saúde ambiental, relacionada à degradação do meio ambiente na escala mundial, como reflexo da atividade humana cujas consequências afetam a saúde da população. A produção de alimentos para consumo humano, além de afetar o meio natural, pode afetar, também, a saúde humana, devido ao processo de produção e comercialização. O abate de gado bovino, uma das principais fontes de proteína animal utilizada no Brasil, embora tenha legislação reguladora, muitas vezes é uma atividade que degrada o meio ambiente e compromete a saúde dos trabalhadores da cadeia produtiva e dos consumidores. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral identificar e avaliar os riscos ao meio ambiente e a saúde humana em decorrência da implantação e operação de matadouros públicos nos 75 municípios do Estado de Sergipe. Para o alcance desse objetivo, foram quantificados os matadouros municipais implantados e em operação no Estado, analisadas as condições físicas, sanitárias e tecnológicas, a existência de licenciamento ambiental e de supervisão veterinária do gado e das condições de abate e armazenamento da carne. Os dados foram levantados por observação direta em campo e junto ao cadastro da Administração Estadual do Meio Ambiente de Sergipe. O estudo concluiu haver danos significativos ao meio natural, especialmente aos recursos hídricos e risco bastante alto à saúde dos trabalhadores no matadouro e dos consumidores que recebem um produto sem controle de qualidade e sem qualquer tipo de inspeção sanitária.

Factores de riesgo asociados a la seroprevalencia de brucelosis y leptospirosis en los operarios de la planta de beneficio de Pasto, Nariño / Risk factors associated to the seroprevalence of brucellosis and leptospirosis in the Operators of the plant benefit Pasto, Nariño

El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a la seroprevalencia de Brucelosis y Leptospirosis en los operarios de la planta de beneficio de la ciudad de Pasto. La seropositividad para Brucella abortus se determinó mediante la prueba diagnóstica de Rosa de Bengala (RB) y para Leptospira spp, mediante la prueba diagnóstica de Microaglutinación (MAT). De los 37 sueros procesados, 3 (8%) fueron positivos a RB y no se encontraron respuestas positivas a los serovares de Leptospira spp evaluados con MAT. Para identificar los factores de riesgo se realizó una encuesta epidemiológica a cada operario, incluyendo variables relacionadas con la transmisión de las enfermedades estudiadas, las cuales fueron analizadas mediante regresión logística binaria para establecer el Odds Ratio (OR). Los factores de riesgo asociados a Brucelosis fueron: no usar guantes (OR = 3.11; IC95% 1.09-11.52) y no usar delantal (OR = 2.94; IC95% 1.12-43.04) como elementos de protección personal durante el proceso de beneficio de bovinos y porcinos. Por lo tanto, se recomienda aumentar las medidas de control sobre el uso de los elementos de protección personal en el trabajo dentro del programa de salud ocupacional para minimizar el riesgo de transmisión de enfermedades zoonóticas.

The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with seroprevalence of Brucellosis and Leptospirosis in operators of the slaughterhouse in Pasto, Nariño. Seropositivity for Brucella abortus was determined by the diagnostic test Rose Bengal (RB) and Leptospira sp, through diagnostic Microagglutination Test (MAT).From the 37 serum processed, 3 (8%) were positive for RB and there were no positive responses to Leptospira sp serovars evaluated with MAT test. The risk factors were identified conducting an epidemiological survey to each operator, including variables related to the transmission of the diseases in study, which were analyzed by binary logistic regression to establish the odds ratio (OR). The biological risk factors associated with brucellosis were not wearing gloves (OR = 3.11, 95% CI 1.09-11.52) and not using apron (OR = 2.94, 95% CI 1.12-43.04) like personal protective equipment during cattle and pigs slaughter. Therefore, it is recommended to increase control measures on the use of personal protective equipment at work in the occupational health program to minimize the risk of transmission of zoonotic diseases.

Porcine enzootic pneumonia: relationship between microscopic lung and kidney lesions in Santa Catarina, Brazil / Pneumonia enzoótica suína: relação entre lesões microscópicas pulmonares e renais em Santa Catarina, Brasil

In this work the relationship between lung lesions of pigs with Enzootic Pneumonia and kidney lesions during sanitary inspection at slaughter was investigated. For this purpose sixty-nine Enzootic Pneumonia positive lung samples and sixty-nine negative ones as well as kidneys from the same pigs were post mortem examined. Microscopic examination revealed that 54.28% of the pigs (58/138) had both lesions, an association significant by Chisquare (P<0.05). The intensity of this association, by "Odds ratio" value of 0.2267 was also significant (0.09045-0.5683). Such result indicates that Porcine Enzootic Pneumonia positive pigs are more likely to develop nephritis. Although the relationship between lesions is uncertain, immunodepression caused by Porcine Enzootic Pneumonia is a probable cause of the concomitant renal disease.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a relação entre lesões pulmonares de Pneumonia Enzoótica e renais pelo Serviço de Inspeção Sanitária em suínos abatidos. Foram utilizadas amostras de pulmões com lesão de pneumonia enzoótica de 69 suínos e amostras negativas de igual quantidade de animais. Foram coletados também amostras de rins dos 138 suínos estudados. O exame microscópico dos suínos com e sem lesão pulmonar revelou que 54,28% (57/138) estavam concomitantemente com lesões nos pulmões e rins, sendo esta associação significante pelo Qui- Quadrado (P<0,05). A intensidade desta associação por "Odds ratio" foi de 0,2267, também significante (0,09045-0,5683). Pôde-se concluir que existe associação entre lesões pulmonares e renais, significando que animais com lesões presuntivas de pneumonia enzoótica têm maior predisposição para desenvolverem um quadro de nefrite.

Comparison of microbial load in immersion chilling water and poultry carcasses after 8, 16 and 24 working hours / Comparação da carga microbiana em águas de pré-resfriamento e carcaças de frangos, após jornadas de trabalho de 8, 16 e 24 horas

Poultry processing facilities are known for using a great amount of water, which is mainly used on carcasses chilling stage. In Brazil, meat regulations state that each chiller tank must be emptied, cleaned and sanitized every 8 working hours. The aim of the current study was to assess the microbial load of chiller water used in poultry immersion chilling system after 8, 16 and 24 working hours in order to evaluate the reduction of water changes and chiller sanitization. Conventional physicochemical and microbiological assays were done in water supply samples (n=69) to suppress interferences caused by freshwater addition; pre chilled (n=345) post chilled carcasses (n=345) and chiller water samples of the last stage (n=69). The results showed no significant differences on microbial load samples between the three shifts suggesting that the proposed reduction may be secure and reduces the volume of wastewater that would impact the environment, besides improving the rational use of processing time.

As atividades dos estabelecimentos de abate de frangos são conhecidas por utilizarem grandes volumes de água durante seus processos, principalmente no processo de resfriamento das carcaças de frangos. Parte desse volume utilizado se faz necessário, em cumprimento à legislação que determina que cada tanque do sistema de pré-resfriadores contínuos por imersão deve ser completamente esvaziado, limpo e desinfetado no final de cada período de trabalho (oito horas). O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a carga microbiana das águas do sistema de resfriamento e das carcaças de frango ao final de oito, dezesseis e vinte e quatro horas de trabalho do abatedouro, para possível redução do número de vezes do completo esvaziamento dos tanques do sistema de resfriamento. Foram avaliadas, por meio de métodos convencionais microbiológicos e físico-químicos, amostras da água de abastecimento (n=69), visando a evitar possível interferência nas contagens das águas do sistema de resfriamento, amostras de carcaças de frango antes (n=345) e após (n=345) sua passagem pelo sistema de resfriamento e amostras de águas do último estágio do sistema de resfriamento de carcaças (n=69). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que não houve diferença significativa na carga microbiana das amostras entre as três jornadas de trabalho do estabelecimento, sugerindo que a redução é segura, diminuindo assim o volume de águas residuais e seu impacto no meio ambiente, bem como melhorando o uso racional do tempo de processamento.

Trajetórias de mulheres atuantes em pequenos abatedouros de animais / Trajectories of women working in small slaughterhouses of animals

Este estudo discute os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre o trabalho de três mulheres na produção de carne, a partir das trajetórias identitárias. Esta análise fundamenta-se no entendimento da história pregressa do trabalho, no presente e nos projetos futuros. As participantes da pesquisa foram três mulheres que trabalhavam em dois pequenos abatedouros de animais com características rurais. Para a coleta das informações, foram realizadas entrevistas com as trabalhadoras e observações no campo, bem como feita a análise de documentos sobre a produção de carne. Os resultados foram organizados em três categorias temáticas: olhar para o passado, entre ser trabalhadora e ser proprietária de um abatedouro e projetos profissionais. Foi possível identificar que as vivências anteriores das entrevistadas estavam articuladas com a produção da carne como alimento para autoconsumo e como forma de subsistência econômica familiar. Evidenciou-se que as práticas cotidianas do trabalho foram marcadas pelas possibilidades e restrições educacionais das entrevistadas. A respeito do projeto profissional, houve destaque na permanência das trabalhadoras nos abatedouros com anseios de exercerem outras atividades.

This study discusses the results of a research of the work of women in meat production, with the analysis of their trajectories identity. This analysis is based on the history of women's work in the present and its future projects. The participants of the research were three women who worked in two small slaughterhouses of animals, with rural characteristics. For the purchase of information, interviews were conducted with workers and observations in the field, as well as analysis of documents on the production of meat. The results were organized into three thematic categories: look to the past, between being worker and be the owner of a slaughterhouse and the future professionals. It was possible to identify earlier experiences of the interviewees articulated with the production of meat as food and as a means of subsistence family. It was proven that the daily practices of work were marked by the educational possibilities and restrictions of the interviewees. With respect to the future professional there was prominent in the permanence of workers in the slaughterhouses with aspirations to pursue other activities.

Awareness of Zoonoses among Cattle Slaughterhouse Workers in Korea / 農村醫學 地域保健

OBJECTIVES: Cattle slaughterhouse workers are known as the high risk group for the zoonoses. We surveyed the awareness of zoonoses among cattle slaughterhouse workers to suggest direction of education and public relations. METHODS: We evaluated the epidemiological characteristics of zoonoses and the process of cattle slaughtering. We designed different questionnaires for the workers involved in slaughtering, the handlers of residual products, the inspectors and their assistants, and the grading testers and their assistants respectively. We visited 73 cattle slaughterhouses and 62 residual products handle houses across the country and conducted a questionnaire survey of the general characteristics and the awareness of zoonoses. The data collected was evaluated using the SPSS 17.0 statistical package. RESULTS: The awareness rate of brucellosis, Q fever and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) were 83.9%, 18.5%, 62.7% among cattle slaughterhouse workers. The awareness rate of zoonoses among the workers involved in slaughtering and the handlers of residual products was lower than other workers. The awareness rate of zoonoses tended to increase as the school career. In the correct awareness rate of the transmission of zoonoses, 'transmission by tick bite', 'person to person' and 'air transmission' were lower than other transmission items. The most common reason why cattle slaughterhouse workers think that it is difficult to prevent zoonoses was the ignorance of how to prevent. CONCLUSIONS: An educational program is needed for the cattle slaughterhouse workers on zoonoses especially Q fever. And publicity activities about prevention of infection are needed for high risk groups.

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Brucellosis among Slaughterhouse Workers in Korea / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: The incidence of zoonoses in Korea has increased recently. However, the study of high risk groups for zoonoses has not been conducted to date in Korea. Thus, we did this study to obtain data on brucellosis among slaughterhouse workers in Korea. METHODS: We evaluated the structure of slaughterhouses and the process of slaughtering by reviewing the relevant literature and doing field studies. We visited 73 slaughterhouses and 62 residual products handle houses across the country. In addition, we conducted a questionnaire survey of the work activities, and obtained blood samples in order to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of brucellosis. The titers of brucellosis antibodies were measured using the standard tube agglutination test (SAT). We diagnosed subjects as seropositive for Brucellosis if the titers were more than 1:160. The data collected was evaluated using SPSS ver. 17.0. RESULTS: We included 1,503 subjects and obtained 1,482 blood samples among them: 849 workers involved in slaughtering, 351 handlers of residual products, 190 inspectors and their assistants, and 92 grading testers and their assistants. The seroprevalence of brucellosis among the slaughterhouse workers was 0.8% (95% CI=0.4-1.5). Broken down, the seroprevalence of brucellosis among the workers involved in slaughtering was 0.7% (95% CI=0.3-1.6), the handlers of residual products was 1.7% (95% CI=0.7-3.9) respectively. Risk factors for contracting brucellosis among slaughterhouse workers were being splashed with cattle blood around the mouth, cattle secretions around the body and not putting on protective apron while at work. CONCLUSIONS: An educational program is needed for high risk groups on zoonoses about the prevention of infection. Thus, effective working guidelines for workers who participate in the slaughter of animals must be developed in order to protect them from zoonoses.